Interpersonal Communication And Conflict Resolution

Literature Review I have read, evaluated, examined and summarised the main secondary research resources that helped me understand my interpersonal communication topic, Conflict Management, and how theories, relevant skills and strategies can play a big role throughout the resolution and frequency of conflict among my peers. Personality Types and Development of Adolescents’ Conflict with Friends This study aimed to examine the developmental pattern of adolescents’ conflict frequency and conflict resolution with their best friends, and differences in these developmental changes between individuals with different personality types. According to the Dual Concern model individuals’ utilization of conflict resolution depends on the level of concern for oneself versus others. Specifically, collaboration occurs when there is high concern for both oneself and others. This strategy is characterized by positive conflict resolution behaviours such as negotiation and compromise. Accommodation takes place when there is high concern for others, but low concern for oneself. This strategy is characterized by high levels of compliance. A controlling resolution strategy reflects a high concern for oneself and low concern for others, and is characterized by negative affect, hostility, or coercive behaviour. In addition, a non-confrontational strategy, which involves reducing the importance of conflict and attempting to suppress thinking about conflict, represents a low concern for both oneselfShow MoreRelatedTypes of Conflict in Organisations1434 Words   |  6 PagesConflict Identification and Resolution Name of Student Institutional Affiliation Conflict refers to the struggle or disagreement between people or parties with opposing principles or opinions. An interactive human being is involved in quite a few conflict scenarios through the course of his or her life and a group of people in a team or organization is quite often faced with conflicts as a result of differences in ideologies or when one party doesnt perform as well as expectedRead More Communication Patterns of Children During Conflict Essay examples1558 Words   |  7 Pageseventually their siblings or peers. Conflict is a part of life that children need to use to develop skills on resolving disagreements; conflict is not always bad. Peer conflict, however, can lead to aggressive behavior because of significant emotional and physical harm. Many youth lack the social skills needed to handle their aggravation. Peer conflict communicates joint disagreement or aggression between peers or peer groups. Peer conflict is characterized as conflict between people of equal or similarRead MoreConflicts And Conflict Resolution Process1671 Words   |  7 PagesConflicts are inevitable in any human s’ interaction which makes their occurrence normal in the workplace. Conflict can be caused by imbalance of power and communication barriers that arise from the social structure or individual interpersonal’ perceptions, assumptions and expectations. The interpersonal conflict has a huge impact on the individual himself and extends to the workplace. The Human Resources (HR) role comes in light to attempt to help in the conflict resolution process. Human resourcesRead MoreEffective Communication Skills Are Essential For Success1222 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Effective Communication skills are essential for success in every organization. Individuals today in the workplace need to effectively communicate with employees, customers and potential clients. Effective and clear communication if not delivered in the right manner could be interpreted by the receiver and have a negative impact. There are many barriers that can effect a conversation such as cultural differences, gender and environment. Employees can learn how to adapt in differentRead MoreConflict Management, Interpersonal Communication, And Motivational Theories1106 Words   |  5 Pagespresented concepts of conflict management, interpersonal communication, and motivational theories and their significance to the overall success of an organization. As we dig deeper into the material for leadership and management, the shining theme throughout our readings has been self-less leadership (Satterlee, 2013). This week, we focused on the importance of interpersonal communication, and conflict management. Owner, leaders, and managers must understand the importance of communication especially ifRead MoreConflict Resolution1281 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Everyone faces conflict in their lives on a daily basis. It is an accepted and expected part of life. Conflict is not a problem in itself - it is what we do with it that counts. You cant avoid conflict in your life, at home, at work, and even at play. Wherever people interact, there is a potential for conflict. That is not bad news because good things can arise, and relationships can improve through conflict, provided conflict is managed with thought and attention. The bad newsRead MoreTaking a Look at Interpersonal Communication716 Words   |  3 Pagesunderstood,† said Ralph Nichols and this thought is agreeable as the interpersonal skills are the skills people use throughout their life to interact with individuals or group of people in the society. It has been believed that the people with good interpersonal skills are generally more successful and get effective fruitful results in both their personal and professional lives. People who work hard to develop strong interpersonal skills can augment many aspects of life and lead to better relationshipsRead MoreFineal667 Words   |  3 Pagesassembled this presentation in order to demonstrate the proper usage of interpersonal communication when working with another individual/team. I chose to reveal my findings using â€Å"case study one.† When a group can no longer openly discuss common issues without a member becoming disgruntled with the argument, interpersonal communication is not being utilized within the group of individuals. In this particular instance, the conflict within the group is over political views. I believe we can all relateRead MoreRelationship Between The Senior Management Team Of A Company And The Junior Employees1392 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Interpersonal communication plays a very important role in an organization. It enabled employees from different departments to harmoniously work together towards the achievement of common shared goals. In fact, successful business relationships can only be maintained if employees hold impeccable interpersonal communication skills. In this paper, the focus will be on the business relationship between the senior management team of a company and the junior employees. In mostRead MoreTeam Development Techniques1050 Words   |  4 Pageschannels of communication with your employees. This must not only be between the manager and the employees, but also among the staff as well. Further, the organization must create a working atmosphere in which employees know that management is always available to listen to their concerns. It is also beneficial to discuss genuine issues amongst the team in a relevant and productive manner (LaFasto, 2001). Identify potential areas of conflict within a diverse project team. The first conflict that would

Customer Service At The Highest Level - 999 Words

Nowadays, the customer service is extremely perspective and could be a great way to stand out against the background of your customers. Perhaps this is one of the advantages of small enterprises ,because anyone, who emphasizes on customer service will be able to compete with large companies that, in turn, offer a diverse range of products, lower prices and other prerogatives that others can not afford. But many small enterprises still inferior in quality customer service. So, there is a logical question - why? Analyzing this issue more deeply, I can clearly establish that the main reason is their incompetence. Scientific evidences prove that small enterprises lack of, at least, one of the main aspects and those aspects are : value, customer and cost. In order to improve customer service at the highest level, at first, we must carry out numerous social surveys, and â€Å"walk hand in hand† with modern technology. A good advice for successful businessmen will be to compare the competitiveness and the ability to put yourself in the consumer shoes and thus learn about his needs. Equally important method of improving the customer service is the consistent implementation of new technologies, strategies and exchange of experiences with other people in customer service, especially in leading and successful companies such as: Disney, McDonnalds, Ford. Issues in the customer service area are particularly relevant nowadays as any business rests on the relationship between people. PerhapsShow MoreRelatedCustomer Value Delivered By Three Things1166 Words   |  5 PagesCustomer value can be scanned through the different levels of the first level is a low level and the second level is a highest level, the low level seen by customer value in terms of product attributes to perceive the customers to get, the highest level of which As for the upper level seen by customer value found in achieving goals and desires when it draws its customers, the value of the products de rived from the product attributes and so as to achieve the goals. The customer value delivered byRead MoreFlight Centre1695 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿ Contents Executive Summary 1 Findings 2 Discussion 4 CONCLUSION 7 Recommendation 7 Implementation 8 References 8 Executive Summary This report contains analysis on Flight Centre’s customer experience survey conducted in Australia. The report has been divided into three main sections. The first section lists the important facts, findings from the case study. This is further elaborated to list key challenges faced by Flight Centre. Based on the facts and key challenges alternative solutions haveRead MoreValue Creation And The Components That Can Be Used Essay1296 Words   |  6 Pagescreating value for the customer. Being able to solve or meet the customer requirements. Value is created whenever an action is taken for which the benefit exceeds the cost. Value creation per unit includes the following components: †¢ V-P = Consumer Surplus †¢ P-C = Profit margin †¢ V-C = Value created where o V = Value o P = Price o C = Cost of production Value creation can lead to higher sales. In terms of competitive advantage, a product could offer more value to the customer for the same or lowerRead MoreSouthwest Airlines Strategy Implementation Analysis1199 Words   |  5 Pagesoperational strategies in the entire industry over the last few decades. It has claimed countless awards and recognitions for items such as employee satisfaction, customer satisfaction, profitability, as well as being able to command some of the lowest operating costs in the industry. Even though Southwest Airlines has achieved a level of excellence that is rare in almost any industry, it will face an increased number of challenges and risks in the coming years since the airline industry, in generalRead MoreStrategic Management in Project Management722 Words   |  3 PagesIntroduction A Project is any undertaking that has definite, final objectives representing specified values to be used in the satisfaction of some service or need. The reason why companies undertake projects is because they come up with strategic intent, achieve better results and increase its competitive advantage. Project Success In the past projects success was measured using the â€Å"triple constraint†, delivering the project on time, within budget and to specification. Contemporary managementRead MoreCustomer Service and Innovative Widgets1289 Words   |  6 PagesBSBCUS501C Manage quality customer service Presented to: Darren Creed Assessment 3 Name: Jacinta Butterworth Date: 20 March 2015 Procedure: 1. Develop a set of Key Performance Indicators for your Innovative Widgets customer service representatives. KPIs should address all the areas of customer and business requirements identified 2. Develop a plan or procedure for monitoring team members’ performance again KPIs 3. Develop a questionnaire to collect customer feedback related to KPIs and/or designedRead MoreMaximum Subscribers Consume Gb Data Essay1702 Words   |  7 Pagesdata plans. It’s also concluded that percentage of unmarried respondents in all category of data consumption is higher than married respondents; male subscribers consume more data than female subscribers. Also data consumption is related to education level of the subscribers, data consumption by educated subscribers is more than other subscribers. Corporates including public and private sector are using technology for their day to work and has moved it to online platforms which influence the data consumptionRead MoreDesigning A Host For Your Next Web Site1444 Words   |  6 Pageshosting. The company places a high priority on customer satisfaction, placing their value above all else. They offer 24/7 support, and ensure their forms and agreements are honest and transparent, offering customers exactly what they need so they don’t need to pay for services they don’t want. The hold several certifications, verifications, and approvals from some of the top reviewing companies on the internet. WebHostingPad guarantees the best service in the industry at affordable prices. What kindRead MoreCustomer Satisfaction, The Most Important Asset Of Any Organization Essay1495 Words   |  6 PagesCustomer satisfaction, the most important asset of any organization is its customers. An organization’s success depends on how many customers it has, how much they buy, and how often they buy. Customers that are satisfied will increase in number, buy more, and buy more frequently. Satisfied customers also pay their bills promptly, which greatly improves cash flow the lifeblood of any organization. Increasingly, manufacturing and service organizations are using customer satisfaction as the measureRead MoreManagement Team At The Fresh Connection1330 Words   |  6 Pagesimplement. This included two parts, the fist being the customer facing strategy, and the second was the internal operations strategy. We had decided that our customer strategy initially would be to sell high profit margin products and manage lower volumes. This would start to shift to a more flex ible and adaptive strategy as our company began to understand the customer’s needs. We shifted to targeting each specific customer with the highest demand products and would eventually trim our offerings

Techonology and Decision Making Paper Hcs 482 Free Essays

Running head: TECHNOLOGY AND DECISION MAKING Technology and Decision Making University of Phoenix Healthcare Informatics HCS/482 Richard Ong November 15, 2008 Technology and Decision Making Technology, decision-making processes, and data accessibility have changed dramatically in recent years. This paper will discuss systems and informatics theories. The paper will confer on the Data, Information, and Knowledge (DIK) Model. We will write a custom essay sample on Techonology and Decision Making Paper Hcs 482 or any similar topic only for you Order Now The role of expert system in nursing care and medicine will be provided. Decision aids and decision support systems are used everyday providing focus, leadership and direction within technology and will be examined. The use of technology for patient and client management will be explored. An analysis of the impact of technology on healthcare and health status will be investigated. Systems and Informatics Theories Systems are â€Å"a group of interacting, interrelated, or interdependent elements forming a complex whole† (Systems, n. d. , Definition). Systems describe healthcare, schools, computers, and a person. The systems are either open or closed. Closed systems are inoperable to function with others third party products and open systems are designed to allow third party products to plug in or interoperate with the system. Neither system interacts with the environment. Open systems consist of three characteristics; purpose, functions, and structure (Englebardt and Nelson, 2002). Systems can have more than one purpose based on the needs of the user. Functions that the system will need to carry out need to be identified for the system to achieve its purpose. The â€Å"systems are structured in ways that allow them to perform their functions† (Englebardt Nelson, 2002, p. 6). The two types of models used to conceptualize the structure of a system; hierarchical and web (Englebardt Nelson, 2002). Some examples of system applications are; institution wide, specialty support, documentation, administrations, operations, expert, stand alone information, and decision support. The study of healthcare informatics incorporates theories from information Nursing science, computer science, cognitive science, along with other sciences used in the healthcare delivery (Englebardt Nelson, 2002). Three models that represent the informatics theories are; Shannon and Weaver’s information-communication model, Blum’s model and The Nelson data to wisdom continuum. Shannon and Weaver’s model states that a message starts with the sender and is converted to a code by the encoder. The converted message can be letters, words, music, symbols or a computer code (Englebardt Nelson, 2002). The message is carried by a channel and along with the message noise is transmitted in the space to the decoder where the message is converted to a format that is understood by the receiver. â€Å"Bruce L. Blum developed a definition of information from an analysis of the accomplishments in medical computing† (Englebardt Nelson, 2002, p. 12). According to Blum the three types of healthcare computing applications are; data, information and knowledge (Englebardt Nelson, 2002). Data is information that is not interpreted. Data that is processed and displayed is categorized as information and when the data and information are combined and formalized knowledge results (Englebardt Nelson, 2002). â€Å"A knowledge base includes the interrelationship between the data and information† (Englebardt Nelson, 2002, p. 13). The Nelson Data to Wisdom Continuum states the four types of healthcare computing applications are; data, information, knowledge and wisdom. The four overlap at all times. Data is the naming, collecting and organizing the message. Information is further organizing and interpreting the message. Knowledge occurs when the message is interpreted, integrated and understood. Wisdom is the ability to understand and apply the message with compassion. Data, Information and Knowledge Model â€Å"Nursing informatics, as defined by the American Nurses Association(ANA), is a specialty that integrates nursing science, computer science and information science to manage and communicate data, information and knowledge in nursing practice† (Newbold, 2008, para. 1). Decision making by healthcare professionals is based on the assimilation of data, information and knowledge to support patient care. Organizing data, information and knowledge for the processing by computers is accomplished through the use of information technology and information structures (Newbold, 2008). The first level is data which â€Å"†¦are recorded (captured and stored) symbols and signal readings† (Liew, 2007, Definitions). Data is bits of information though to just have data is not meaningful to decision making. The second level is information which is organized, interpreted and communicated data between machines or humans. Characteristics of quality information are: complete and clear in its descriptions, accurate, measurable, preferably by measurable objective means such as numbers, variable by independent observers, promptly entered, rapidly and easily available when needed, objective, rather than subjective, comprehensive, including all necessary informati on, appropriate to each user’s needs, clear and unambiguous, reliable, easy and convenient form to interpret, classify, store, retrieve and update† (Theoretical issues, 1998, Concepts). Knowledge is the third level of the model and is the collection of information that is obtained from several sources to produce a concept used to achieve a basis for logical decision-making. The information needs to be useful and applied to be known as knowledge. The final level is Wisdom which â€Å"†¦is the highest level of being able to understand and apply knowledge using compassion† (Theoretical issues, 1998, Concepts). â€Å"Information consists of data, but data is not necessarily information. Also, wisdom is knowledge, which in turn is information, which in turn is data, but, for example, knowledge is not necessarily wisdom. So wisdom is a subset of knowledge, which is a subset of information, which is a subset of data† (Steyn, 2001, para. 2). Without an understanding of the source of data and information which is based on activities and situations, the relationship between data, information, and knowledge will not be understood (Liew, 2007). Expert Systems in Nursing Care and Medicine Medical artificial intelligence is primarily concerned with the structure of Artificial Intelligence (AI) programs that perform diagnosis and make therapy recommendations. Unlike medical applications based on other programming methods, such as purely statistical and probabilistic methods, medical AI programs are based on symbolic models, such as statistical and probabilistic methods, medical AI programs are based on symbolic models of disease entities and their relationship to patient factors and clinical manifestations’ as defined by Clancey and Shortliffe (1984). Expert systems (ES) in nursing care and medic ine fill an appropriate role with intelligent programs offering significant benefits. They hold medical knowledge containing specifically defined tasks and are able to reason with data from individual patients responding with reasoned conclusions. The advantages of an expert system over a doctor are: 1. A large database of knowledge can be added and kept up to date with the ability of a large amount to be stored. 2. The system does not forget or get facts wrong. 3. The continued existence of the knowledge is forever not lost with death or retirement. 4. The computer can make contact with specialist knowledge that a doctor may not have. . The ES may shorten time to make the correct diagnosis and reduce diagnostic errors. 6. Countries with a large number of population and have physicians are limited can receive medical knowledge leading to prompt care. ES’s are not replacing doctors or nurses but are being used by them stimulating an interrogated large database of knowledge of a human expert. Decision Aids and Decision Support Systems Decision support systems (DS S) are systems that â€Å"model and provide support for human decision-making processes in clinical situations. They are advanced technologies that support clinical decision making by interfacing evidence-based clinical knowledge at the point of care with real-time clinical data at significant clinical decision points†(Gregory, 2006, p. 21). Decision support systems offer various methods of decision support, including recommendations for diagnostic testing, critical lab value alerts, help with diagnosis and advice for clinicians on what medications to use. According to the British Medical Journal, â€Å"Clinical decision support systems do not always improve clinical practice, however. In a recent systematic review of computer based systems, most (66%) significantly improved clinical practice, but 34% did not† (Kawanoto, Houlihan, Balas, Lobach, 2005, p. 769). Decision support systems can improve patient outcomes however; more studies are needed to develop better systems. Decisions by their very nature are uncertain, medical decisions have the added complexity of involving an individual’s values and beliefs as related to the risk-benefit profiles or uncertain outcomes of medical treatment. The goal of using a decision aid is to help the patient make informed decisions based on his or her belief and value system. Limited and conflicting research on the use of decision aids makes it impossible to determine if having patients use a decision aid would benefit him or her. According to an article published in the Medical Decision Making Journal â€Å"Decision aids are a promising new technological innovation in health care, however, like any new innovation, their widespread adoption needs to be preceded by a careful evaluation of their potential harms, rather than an uncritical promotion of their potential benefits† (Nelson, Han, Fagerlin, Stefanek, Ubel, 2007, p. 617). Decision aids can be an important addition to promoting shared decision making between the physicians and patient however, decision aids â€Å"may send the wrong message to patients about the goals of decision making, or lead patients to believe that they can reduce or eliminate uncertainty when confronting decisions† (Nelson, Han, Fagerlin, Stefanek, Ubel, 2007, p. 618) Technology for Patient and Client Management Technology can be used in many areas of patient and client management. Technology is said to have the potential to bring the patient and healthcare providers together creating patient-centered care. The goal of patient-centered care is to empower the patients, give patients choices and tailor treatment decisions based on the patient’s beliefs, values, cultural traditions, their family situations and their lifestyles. Technology impacts this concept when healthcare providers use clinical information systems such as enhanced patient registration systems which uses the internet or onsite wireless devices, using decision aids and decision support systems, Telemonitoring Devices, and the electronic health record. New technology will help healthcare providers with patient management by increasing the ability of healthcare providers to retrieve and apply accurate information about their patients quickly and allow patients to acquire information to improve control of their diagnosis and or treatments and to talk with their healthcare providers. Technology on Healthcare and Health Status Analysis The future holds many technological changes that will affect healthcare directly and help shape our already powerful profession. Technological advances will dramatically change healthcare provider’s roles and the healthcare delivery systems. Computers are not unusual for a patient to use to surf the Internet to find information related to the diagnosis. Patients may also browse the Internet and find conditions here the symptoms are closely related to what he or she is experiencing. He reads all he can find, and when he goes to the doctor he may be informed, misinformed, or over-informed, regarding the possible diagnosis of his problem. Technology presents to the healthcare consumer a tremendous resource of information regarding his healthcare. Computers, biosensors, implants, genetic therapies, and imaging devices are examples of the emerging technologies of the 21st century. Medical artificial intelligence in contexts such as computer-assisted surgery, electrocardiography and fetal monitoring interpretation, clinical diagnosis, and genetic counseling will have a major impact on our future. Telemedicine currently ranges from radiographic consultations across cities to telebiotic surgeries across hemispheres (Cohen, Furst, Keil Keil, 2006). Interactive disks already assist patients to make more independent medical decisions regarding their care. Devices for home use can help monitor blood pressure and blood glucose or perform a pregnancy test. Technology also helps assist patients with finding information regarding a diagnosis. Although technology is very beneficial to healthcare other concerns continue to exist. Every day healthcare providers use complex machinery, including many types of monitors, ventilators, intravenous pumps, feeding pumps, suction devices, electronic beds and scales, lift equipment, and assistive devices. The directions for use of many of these machines are not self-evident and may be highly complicated. As a result, some patients may endure injury secondary to misuse of the product (Cohen, Furst, Keil Keil, 2006). The company may also incur unexpected expenses if the equipment becomes damaged and need to be replaced. Similarly, new computer systems present many learning difficulties for healthcare providers. Many computer systems are not user friendly. Computer systems designers are notorious for supplying computers with numerous advanced but obscure functions, but these systems often lack the ability to make daily tasks easier t accomplish. Millions of dollars have een wasted on computer systems that are not used or are underused because the user needs were not assessed before the systems were designed (Thielst, 2007). There remain three basic reasons for the continued increase in healthcare costs: inflation, increased demand for services as a result of federal programs such as Medicare and Medicaid, and expensive technological advances in medicine. Conclusion In conclusion, signi ficant economic and social trends are dramatically altering the forms of healthcare delivery in the United States and the roles played by healthcare providers. Advances in technology, globalization of culture and communication, ever-widening computer applications, aging of the population, and dynamic changes in the healthcare industry are among major developments (Thielst, 2007). To cope with and to contribute to the future of healthcare, the healthcare team must understand how computers are now being used in healthcare, and they must be able to work with computers in a cost-effective manner in their healthcare practice. No matter what delivery system is in place in a particular institution, healthcare providers will find that each is vitally involved with ensuring quality and in discovering measurable ways of monitoring quality. References W. J. Clancey and E. H. Shortliffe, eds. (1984). Readings in Medical Artificial Intelligence: First Decade. Reading, Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley. Cohen, T. , First, E. , Keil, O. Wang, B. (2006). Medical equipment management strategies. Biomedical Instrumentation Technology, 40(3), 233-238. Englebardt, S. P. , Nelson, R. (2002). Health care informatics: An interdisciplinary approach. St. Louis, MO: Mosby Elsevier. Gregory, A. (2006, January/March). Issues of Trust and Ethics in Computerized Clinical Decision Support Systems. Nursing Administration Quarterly, 30(1), Pp. 21-29. Kawanoto, K. , Houlihan, C. , Balas, A. , Lobach, D. (2005, April 2). Improving clinical practice by using clinical decision support systems: A systematic review of trials to identify features critical to success. BMJ, 330, P. 765-700. Liew, A. (2007, June). Understanding data, information, knowledge and their relationship. Retrieved November 10, 2008, from Journal of Knowledge Management Practice: http://www. tlainc. com/article 134. htm Nelson, W. , Han, P. , Fagerlin, A. , Stefanek, M. , Ubel, P. (2007, October 1, 2007). Rethinking the Objectives of Decision Aids: A Call for Conceptual Clarity. Medical Decision Making, 27(5), Pp. 609-618. Newbold, S. (2008). A new definition for nursing informatics. Retrieved November 10, 2008, from Advance for Nurses: http://nursing. advanceweb. com/Article/A-New-Definition-for-Nursing-Informatics. spx Steyn, J. (2001). Data, information, knowledge and wisdom. Retrieved November 12, 2008, from Knowsystem: http://knowsystems. com/km/definition. html System. (n. d. ). Retrieved November 11, 2008, from Answers. com: http://www. answers. com/topic/system Theoretical Issues. (1998). Retrieved November 10, 2008, from University of Texas at Tyler: http://www. uttyler. edu/nursing/ckilmon/ni/theory. htm Thi elst, C. (2007). The future of healthcare technology. Journal of Healthcare Management, 52(1), 7-10. Retrieved from ProQuest database on November 11, 2008. How to cite Techonology and Decision Making Paper Hcs 482, Papers

Supporting the Development of Marketing Capability of Small Businesses

Question : Describe Audits and Planning Tools for developing Business Capability. Your paper should be divided into two parts: 1. The Identification of Critical Success Factors in Marketing. 2. Showcasing/Evaluation of key diagnostic audit tools available to benchmark marketing capability (these should be actual audits/tools that are currently available to businesses). Answer : Introduction: In recent economic scenario, the level of competition in each and every industry is significantly increasing. After globalisation, there is increased interconnectedness and relationship between various nations. It led to increase in global organisations and the global markets were also created. Nowadays the business units not only have to compete with the local competitors but they have to compete with the global competitors as well. Thus the companies have to implement various strategies in order to gain the competitive advantage in the market. In recent times, there has been increased consideration for the entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial marketing. So the main aim of the paper is to identify the critical success factors in marketing and evaluating the key diagnostic audit tools that are available to benchmark the marketing capabilities. Background: In recent years it is evident that successful entrepreneurial marketing within the small business requires that the judgement and the competency in the part of the managers and the owners. However, it is stated that most of the small businesses have stifling growth potentials as the resource is one of the critical success factors. The lack of resource is not only confined to finance but there is inclusion of human capital availability, time and skill in this respect. In various situations the managers and the owners may not share the tacit knowledge with others even though they possess it. Thus as a result various small business units are not able to capitalise the opportunities due to the lack of potential resource or competency. It is realised by the UK government that the SMEs continuously try to gain funding and they target grants for increasing the competitiveness. The business capability can also be increased by the support of the universities (Chaffey, Ellis-Chadwick and Chaff ey, 2012). Thus it is very important that the competency gaps are filled by improving the marketing competency. Thus the critical success factors must be identified by the SMEs. Critical Success Factors: The critical success factors can be referred as the necessary element that is required for achieving the mission of a project or the organisation. In order to ensure the success of an organisation, it is very important consider the critical success factors. Here it can be said that in order to support the development of the marketing capabilities for the small business units the diagnostic audits can be used for assessing the critical success factors in terms of marketing activity. The critical success factors used in marketing can be discussed here (Clow and Baack, 2012). Planning: Planning is one of the critical success factors in marketing. The marketing planning is basically a systematic process that involves analysis of resources and opportunities in marketing, determining the objectives of marketing, and then developing implementing and controlling the plan of marketing. The marketing plan is one of the critical success factors for marketing as it is the main base for marketing strategies and it clarifies the elements of marketing at the initial phase (Finne and Grnroos, 2009). A broader perspective is drawn with the help of the marketing plan and the planning helps in transforming the idea into a financially viable proposition. In a dynamic market, it is essential and necessary that some degree of planning is conducted. Planning helps in identifying the source of competitive advantage, setting the strategies and objectives, acquiring resources etc (Kolassa, 2015). The two toolkits which are marketing planning toolkit and social marketing toolkit can help in the planning process for marketing. Marketing Communication: Marketing communication is another critical success factor in marketing. Marketing communications are basically the messages that are communicated within the market by using the related media by the organisation. In the marketing mix, marketing communication can be referred as the promotion part. It is also referred as the strategy that is utilised by the organisation for reaching the market that has been targeted through various communication types (Keegan, 2012). The marketing communication is very important and one of the critical success factors as the organisation communicates with the consumer by using various strategies in order to educate them about the effectiveness of the product or services offered to them by the company. Effective use of marketing communication can significantly help in achieving the goals and objectives of marketing. The two toolkits which are marketing planning toolkit and social marketing toolkit can be an effective measure of establishing communicatio n with the consumers. Internal Resources: The internal resources are another critical success factors in marketing. The internal resources are basically the resources that are available to an organisation internally. The internal resource can be physical or it can be in terms of the capability of the organisation. The internal resource may include the managerial capability of the managers for conducting and executing the marketing strategy, the available financial resource to the company for financing the plans, the skills of the employees and know-hows etc (Kotler and Keller, 2012). These are all internal resources of an organisation and also critical success factor for the success of marketing. The tools are used after assessing the internal resource of the organisation. The planning tool assesses the internal resources and then implements policies and the same is done in case of social marketing. Evaluation Management Control System: The evaluation and the management control is another critical success factor for an organisation. In order to understand whether the organisation is working effectively or not, it is very important evaluate the marketing strategies that are implemented by the organisation for branding itself in the market and attracting the customers. There can be various issues that can be faced by the organisation while implementing the strategies or the policies. Thus it is very important to execute effective control process for continuously fine tuning and adjusting in order successfully achieve the goals and the objectives (Kotler and Keller, 2012). Thus it can be said that effective evaluation and control process can help in achieving the desired goals of the company. The effectiveness of the planning tool and the social marketing tool depends on the evaluation and management control system. Product Development (Capabilities): Product development capability of an organisation is another crucial success factor for an organisation. New product development can be referred as process of developing and introducing new product in the industry. It is one of the opportunities for the firm to capture market share in the industry (Marketing-schools.org, 2015). Here it can be said that, the development of a new product can be very difficult especially for the small business enterprises. The main reason for such difficulty is due to the requirement of the resource, technology and skill to execute the new idea into the market. It is very important to launch the product using effective marketing strategy for achieving the goals and objectives (Miller, 2002). Customer / Needs: The needs of the customers can be a critical success factor as well. The customers are the main source of the demand. That means after the demand for the product is generated, the firms supply the products according to forecast of demand in the market. Thus the needs of the customers are another critical success factors. The organisations can utilise the needs and can also generate the needs and demand with the help of effective advertising and promotional tools. The customers needs and wants are researched with the help of social marketing and marketing planning tool and the various steps are undertaken. Strategies: The strategies that are implemented by an organisation in order to achieve the goals and objectives are also the critical success factors for the company. It is known that the strategies are basically the plans for achieving the main objectives and goals of a company in the presence of uncertainty. The tactics or the subset of skills can be incorporated in the strategies for achieving the goal. Thus effective marketing strategies are referred as one of the critical success factors (Shankar and Carpenter, 2012). The social marketing and the marketing planning tool implements various strategies for achieving the goals and objectives of the organisation. The Marketing Audit Tools: Marketing audit toolkits are very important in order to identify or benchmark the marketing practices of an organisation. The marketing audit toolkits are basically designed for providing with the required tools and a set of valuable resources that can be used for promoting the benefits of the organisation. Here two marketing audit tools can be discussed and compared. The two marketing toolkits are Social Marketing Toolkit by FINRA Investor Education Foundation and The Marketing Planning Toolkit for small businesses that are provided by the Chartered Institute of Marketing. Toolkit 1: The Marketing Planning Toolkit for Small Businesses: The marketing planning toolkit that is provided by the Chartered Institute of Marketing is one of the diagnostic audit tools for small business units. The toolkit can help in the planning process of marketing for the small companies in the industry and it can also identify whether the organisation has the capability to compete in the industry with the help of the marketing strategies implemented by the firm (The Chartered Institute of Marketing, 2009). The capability audit tool can also help in addressing the gap in the internal competencies and then the planning process of marketing can be implemented. Here it can be said that the gap measures the marketing capabilities of an organisation and that there can be excess capacity within the organisation that can be utilised for the growth of the organisation (Volkov, 2005). Thus the toolkit can help in addressing the gap and the benchmark can be reached by the organisation. Toolkit 2: Social Marketing Toolkit: Social Marketing Toolkit can also be used for addressing the capabilities and the gap in the capabilities for an SME. In recent years the social marketing has been one of the effective tools for addressing the needs of an organisation and for achieving the success in the market. Thus it can be said that the social marketing toolkit is used for assessing the effectiveness of various marketing strategies of a small enterprise (FINRA Investor Education Foundation, 2002). The toolkit is also an effective tool for identifying the gaps in the capability (Westwood, 2011). Comparison of the Toolkits: The Marketing Planning toolkit first identifies the how the marketing principles can help an organisation in the industry so that it can achieve the competencies and the competitive advantage from other competitors and it basically focuses on the small and medium businesses. It can also provide several critical success factors (The Chartered Institute of Marketing, 2009). The main critical success factors that can be identified in the marketing audit are marketing communications, product development, evaluation management control system, internal resources, customer needs and strategies. In the toolkit the external and the internal factors are identified that can affect the capability of the organisation in executing the marketing decisions. The external factors that are identified by the toolkit include the understanding of the customer needs and the assessment of the marketing condition. It is very important to estimate the market and evaluate the product on the basis of the marke t like whether the product is a star, a cash cow, a question mark or a dog (The Chartered Institute of Marketing, 2009). This helps in making appropriate product development and brand establishment planning that can help in the success of the organisation. Here the 80-20 rule can also be taken into consideration. It is stated that in operations, 80% of the issues are found in 20% areas (Wood, 2011). Thus it is very important to identify the 20% area and take preventive measures. Understanding the market conditions and marketing are also a part of the external factor evaluation that can be assessed with the help of various tools like PESTEL and Porters five force model. The external factor analysis can also include understanding the targeting, positioning and the sales effectiveness. The internal factors are also analysed in terms of assessing the planning process, core marketing competencies of the firms. Certain key elements that are considered in this toolkit for marketing plannin g are public relations, advertising, personal selling, packaging and direct marketing. The toolkit can help in estimating the action plan for the company (The Chartered Institute of Marketing, 2009). On the other hand the social marketing tool helps in applying the commercial marketing technologies for the analysis evaluation, execution and the planning of various programmes that are specifically designed for influencing the target audiences behaviour towards the product or the services. In case of downstream social marketing, the behaviour of the people are identified and influenced and upstream social marketing affects the behaviour of the suppliers other businesses and the government. In the social marketing audit it is examined how the issues are framed and the project goals are designed keeping in mind the overall objectives of the business units. The main aim of social marketing is influencing the decision making of the consumers. The critical success factors that are identified in the toolkit are planning, marketing communications, product development, evaluation management control system, internal resources, customer needs and strategies. Various tools are provided in th e toolkit for internal and external market analysis (FINRA Investor Education Foundation, 2002). The situation analysis is performed where the market attractiveness analysis, customer analysis, competitor analysis, self-assessment and performance analysis is conducted. Conclusion: In conclusion it can be said that the marketing management is one of the major functions that are performed by SMEs and every other organisation at present. In this assignment the critical success factors in marketing are identified and it is also discussed how the factors can help in achieving the goals and objectives of an organisation. Here two diagnostic toolkits of marketing are also discussed and compared in terms of their functions and how these toolkits can help in increasing the marketing efficiency of the organisations. References: Chaffey, D., Ellis-Chadwick, F. and Chaffey, D. (2012).Digital marketing. Harlow: Pearson. Clow, K. and Baack, D. (2012).Cases in marketing management. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: SAGE. Finne, . and Grnroos, C. (2009). Rethinking marketing communication: From integrated marketing communication to relationship communication.Journal of Marketing Communications, 15(2-3), pp.179-195. FINRA Investor Education Foundation, (2002).SocialMarketing Toolkit. 1st ed. Keegan, W. (2012).Global marketing management. Harlow: Pearson Education. Kolassa, M. (2015).The Marketing Plan-Critical Success Factors | PM360. [online] Pm360online.com Kotler, P. and Keller, K. (2012).Marketing management. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall. Marketing-schools.org, (2015).Entrepreneurial Marketing | What is Entrepreneurial Marketing?. Miller, R. (2002). A Prototype Skills Audit for Marketing Communications Professionals.Marketing Theory, 2(4), pp.419-428. Shankar, V. and Carpenter, G. (2012).Handbook of marketing strategy. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Pub. The Chartered Institute of Marketing, (2009).Marketing Planning Toolkit for Small Business. 1st ed. [ebook] Available at: Volkov, M. (2005). Cases in Marketing and Marketing Communication.Australasian Marketing Journal (AMJ), 13(1), pp.73-74. Westwood, J. (2011).How to write a marketing plan. London: Kogan Page. Wood, M. (2011).The marketing plan handbook. Boston: Prentice Hall.

Trichy free essay sample

To contribute to the growth of India’s international business by disseminating knowledge about international business and trade by: †¢ Imparting requisite knowledge to prospective managers of international business. †¢ Assisting business organizations involved in exports / imports / foreign trade through specific studies and consultancy reports. †¢ Adopting best practices in imparting education in international business through its own as well as through partner institutions and organizations across the globe. Objectives †¢ To mould students and learners into globally competent managers in international business, with the requisite knowledge, skills and exposure to match the requirements of the industry. †¢ To impart education in theory and practice of international business, so as to develop the capabilities of students in decision-making in today’s complex international business environment. To organise and conduct research and thereby expand the knowledge domain. †¢ To impart knowledge to exporters, importers and regulators through training and research. †¢ To assist the government and regulators in policy formulation and modification. We will write a custom essay sample on Trichy or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Our Founder Late Sri Raja Bankatlal Gopikishan Badruka (1905-1966) BIFT Placement Brochure (08-10) FINAL. indd 2 2 pages 3 11/9/2009 12:17:59 PM Over the last 60 years, the Badruka Educational Society has grown from strength to strength, setting up various educational institutions covering a wide spectrum of learning at graduate and postgraduate levels: †¢ Badruka College of Commerce †¢ Badruka College Post-Graduate Centre †¢ Bankatlal Badruka College for Information Technology †¢ Badruka Institute of Foreign Trade †¢ Badruka Institute of Foreign Education †¢ Badruka Institute of Professional Studies †¢ Badruka Junior College for Girls †¢ Bansilal Badruka School of Music and Dance †¢ Ramdayal Ghasiram Badruka Technical Institute †¢ Laxmi Nivas Badruka Vidyarthi Gruh. Over 70,000 students have had the privilege of passing out of the portals of the Society’s institutions, enriching the Indian nation in academics, fine arts, management, IT, commerce, politics and business. On the foreign education front, the Badruka Institute of Foreign Education (BIFE) had earlier been conducting the MBA program of Edinburgh Business School, Heriott Watt University, UK. Hony Secretary Sri Hari Prasad G Badruka keeps exploring new programs of value to students in various domains. BIFT has already tied up with Nanyang Technological University, Singapore and efforts are on to tie up with the Hague University, Netherlands for a faculty and student exchange program. Similar tie-ups with other renowned foreign universities / institutions in UK, Europe USA are also being considered. Study visits to a few foreign countries are already being organized by Badruka Institute of Foreign Trade (BIFT), which owes its genesis to Sri Badruka’s vision of India empowered by managers who are competent to handle large, globally spread businesses in an environment where national boundaries have indeed vanished. Serving the society through value-based education Sri Hari Prasad G Badruka, the Chairman Honorary Secretary of the Society, is a dedicated educationist, visionary and philanthropist with a commitment to excellence. He has played a major role in the development of the Society through his dedication and involvement in the administration of the Society for nearly four decades. Sri Badruka has always believed that students must undergo education which not only helps them to further their careers but also fosters strong value systems in them. BIFT Placement Brochure (08-10) FINAL. indd 3 1/9/2009 12:18:05 PM Aimed at preparing qualified professionals in the challenging field of international business, BIFT was established in 2001, under an MoU with Indian Institute of Foreign Trade, which is internationally renowned and is ranked amongst the top 10 B-schools in India. IIFT has been extending academic and faculty support to BIFT. BIFT is situated in Hyderabad, which has recorded phenomen al growth with large enterprises being established in the IT / Pharmaceutical / Biotech / FMCG / Retail / Financial Services sectors. The five-storeyed BIFT building has a built-up area of over 60,000 sq. t. The students enjoy well-equipped, air-conditioned lecture halls, PCs with broadband internet connectivity, Wi-Fi enabled campus, LCD projectors, audio systems, e-journals under EBSCO, electronic databases of industries / companies through CMIE’s Prowess India Trades, Kompass Trade Directory, Trade Wizard Software, etc. The cutting-edge curriculum of MPIB comprises all subjects of the MBA program of a standard B-school and in addition, 15 more subjects that equip students in International Finance, International Marketing Trade, Global Logistics, International HRM, etc. BIFT has tied up with Nanyang Technological University of Singapore, where BIFT students undertake shortterm specialization courses in International Finance, International Marketing or Port Management. BIFT is also exploring tie-ups for short-term value-added courses to be taken up in some reputed B-schools in the UK, Europe and USA. To offer new vocational opportunities, BIFT has introduced two-year Masters Programs in Healthcare Management, Infrastructure Management and Pharma-Biotech Management, under an MoU with Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University. It is in the process of introducing a 4-6 months internship in ‘Shipping and Port Management’ in association with Westport, Malaysia. Other new introductions include an Entrepreneurship and Family Business Program, as well as industry-focused weekend lectures (with APITCO). The growing number of students enrolled from all parts of India in the recent batches is indicative of the rapidly increasing popularity of MPIB. At BIFT, a unique trilogy of students, faculty and learning resources produces some of the best minds in the country. Consequently, our students today hold key and enviable managerial positions across several reputed organizations in India and abroad. The teaching method and learning pedagogy at BIFT include lectures, case studies, seminars, group discussions, business games, role plays, simulation exercises, structured and unstructured group work, as well as industry visits and port visits to foreign countries like Singapore, Malaysia, etc. Commencing this academic year, BIFT has switched over to the semester system of instruction (from the earlier trimester system), to enable students to get more time for industry interaction. Masters Program in International Business Cutting-edge curriculum for global business BIFT Placement Brochure (08-10) FINAL. indd 4 4 pages 5 11/9/2009 12:18:13 PM From the Director Changing Trends in Management Education†¦ Pioneering Sectoral Vocations. Established in 2001, BIFT has carved out a niche for itself over the last eight years in the International Business education arena, with overwhelming acceptance in the Trade and Industry. That over 600 BIFTians are occupying coveted positions in business organizations both in India and abroad, is a standing testimony of the Industry’s acceptance of our pedagogy and content. It is heartening to note that the ill effects of the global economic slowdown, resulting out of speculative greed in the financial markets, are slowly tapering off. As per both IMF and World Bank, the Indian and Chinese economics are on the up-swing and it is expected that in the next 6-10 months, the global markets would emerge stronger. This is a welcome sign for all business management students. The corporates are looking for innovative, unpretentious young minds with focus on learning and handson experience to steer the engines of growth in the emerging areas. To be successful in the global markets, the students need to acquire powers of critical thinking and moral reasoning coupled with knowledge on contemporary business issues and multi-cultural focus. The corporates prefer sectoral enthusiasts who have a flair for niche business areas and are ready to hone their skills in diversified segments with an open mind focused on ‘learning’ rather than ‘earning’. In the above context, BIFT would be providing increased exposure in areas like International Product / Brand Management; Acquisitions Mergers and Business Valuations; Port Operations Management; Banking, Finance, Insurance, etc. BIFT has also introduced Masters courses in emerging areas like Infrastructure Management, PharmaBiotech Management and Health Care Management, under MOU with JNTU-Hyderabad, for better sectoral vocations. Nurturing entrepreneurs who would transform into ‘job providers’ rather than ‘job seekers’ is also the need of the hour. As the real India lives in rural areas, the students need to be social entrepreneurs with focus on areas like Microfinance, NGO Management, etc. Lastly but not the least, based on experiences gained from the global mortgage derivatives debacle, which the Indian financial system has withstood, we need to evolve our own ‘Indian Approach to Corporate Management’ with strong foundations in Ethics and Values, merging the best of both East and West. We invite our respected corporates to partner with us in this ‘Yagna’ of Corporate Social Responsibility ‘Innovation – Intuition – Inspiration’ is the Mantra for Success. From the Director’s Desk Prof GS Rao BIFT Placement Brochure (08-10) FINAL. indd 5 11/9/2009 12:18:18 PM From the Academic Coordinator The Badruka Educational Society was established with the objective of inculcating academic excellence and lasting ethical values in the students. BIFT values learning as a way of life and promotes the habit of critical thinking and intellectual curiosity. We offer students access to cutting-edge learning experience, facilities and materials, to a faculty that vigorously pursues research and scholarship and to an academic guidance that is sensitive to their interest, needs and abilities. This is more than an academic exercise, for which we are employing good management practices. Our curriculum focuses on skills a manager would require to operate in an environment marked by diversity. Business at global level gets more competitive, considering that policies differ from country to country, turbulent currency values and varying consumer behavior. So a manager who works in this set-up requires a special set of skills, which our International Business curriculum aims at imparting. Further, our institute lays a great deal of emphasis on regularly exposing our students to the corporate world, which in turn helps us to chalk out an innovative academic strategy and keep abreast of trends abroad. As a result of this, our students become more articulate, confident and ready for the industry when the time comes. We welcome all the prospective employers of our MPIB students to look at these international leaders in the making, recruit them in good positions, groom them in the organization and in turn benefit from their youthful energy and specialized knowledge. The Placement Process The students of BIFT have come from various educational backgrounds. They have been groomed with soft skill training and classroom trainings to face the final placement process. But, education of the future leaders will be incomplete without the exposure to working in an organization. The placement process covers Pre-Placement Talk and Final Placement. Pre-Placement Talk The Pre-Placement Talk offers the corporate and students an opportunity to interact and get to know the organization better. Organizations make important presentations to the students about the organizations and career growths in which student concerns like job responsibilities, remuneration package, ladder of growth, cross-functional exposure are answered. Final Placement The industry participates in final placement process to utilize intellectual capital of BIFT. The real proof of the quality and effectiveness of any institution lies in the acceptance of its graduates in the industry. The placement of the 2007-09 graduating batch proves the rigorous two-year MPIB program at BIFT. The Institute has an impressive and consistent placement record. With best wishes, Rakesh Chander Sharma The BIFT Placement Team L to R: Mr Ravi Kumar, Mr PR Venkat Sai, Ms Preeti, Ms Jhansi BIFT Placement Brochure (08-10) FINAL. indd 6 6 pages 7 11/9/2009 12:18:23 PM From Head Institutional Development Today, people perceive and measure excellence in higher education pertaining to the development and achievement of an institution as the number of students placed and their overall pay packages. There seems to be a need for thorough introspection here†¦ Education, in its broadest sense, is an act that has an effect on the mind, character, or physical ability of an individual. In its technical sense education is a process by which society transmits its accumulated knowledge, skills and values from one generation to another through educational institutions. The true values of education are to develop people of quality and character and to create an awareness of social responsibilities. An educational institution has to shoulder multiple aspects to ensure its progress by creating a competitive yet nurturing service attitude in individuals. At Badruka Educational Society, we aim not only to equip our students with the necessary skills needed but also focus on providing this service at an affordable cost, without any discrimination or gender preference. The overall development of our students is of utmost importance to all of us working here. We help them develop various skill sets including understanding the employer’s need. A centralized Placements and Grooming Division has been set up for this purpose. To bridge the gap built over the years, we have developed a grooming program based on valuable inputs from our faculty, recruiters, alumni and past experience. Also, activity-based training is imparted for personality development. Blood donation camps and service at orphanages is a part of understanding various aspects of life. Our students conduct and participate in management festivals, conferences and seminars. Industrial visits and guest lectures by eminent personalities are a regular feature here. We ensure that the students undergo various levels of learning and unlearning so that their Intelligence, Emotional and Spiritual Quotient is equally developed to be successful and satisfied in life. We strive constantly to ensure that every Badrukan is an ‘inner’ as well as an ‘outer’ winner. Poonam R Saraf From Manager Placements Welcome to the gallery of portraits of some of the best potential managers available. Over the years Badruka Institute of Foreign Trade (BIFT) has become a prime choice of the recruiters across the country. BIFT was rated by a Business India survey in the ‘A+ category’ in 2007 and in the ‘A category’ in 2008. BIFT students receive the best of inputs from academicians, professional soft skill trainers like TIME Institute, Badruka’s in-house Grooming Division, as well as from practicing managers. Their training stint in Nanyang Technological University at Singapore, port visits to Malaysia and faculty / students exchange program with Hague University (Netherlands) enrich the students with international exposure. In addition to the standard MBA curriculum, 14 additional subjects are taught with dual specialization in International Marketing, Finance and HR, with Trade being common to all the students. Our endeavour is not only to create smart analytical ‘left-brained’ students but also those with soft-skills, inclined towards the ‘right-brain’ and who readily work across global cultures. We can proudly say that the earlier recruiters have been quite satisfied with the quality of the BIFTians picked up by them, as is being reflected in their feedback, and also the fact that they have been visiting our campus again and again. We promise to provide you quality students to suit your requirements aptly. We look forward to your continued support, and invite you to visit our campus and see for yourself the great potential that is waiting to be tapped in each of our bright students. PR Venkat Sai BIFT Placement Brochure (08-10) FINAL. indd 7 11/9/2009 12:18:28 PM Core Mentors BIFT faculty members take the students beyond the typical classroom atmosphere, and provide continuous individual guidance to the students to mould them into competent professionals who can confidently take on the challenges of the highly competitive corporates which have acquired global dimensions with their business spanning several countries in the world. Dr Aswani Kumar M. Sc. , MBA, Ph. D. Prof J R Kumar B. Com, FICWA Mr Rakesh Chander Sharma BE (Chem), PGDEE, Advanced Diploma in French, Diploma in Scientific and Technical Translation (French) Professor Expertise in: General Management and Marketing Expertise in: General Management Strategic and Unit Level Indirect Taxation Cost Accounting Academic Coordinator Expertise in: Consultancy related to chemical industries, environmental / energy-related issues. Mr M Durga Prasad M. Com. , M. Phil. (Finance) (Ph. D. ) Ms Mehnaaz Siddiqui BA, MBA (HR Marketing) (Ph. D. ) Mr KC Mohanty M. Sc, MBA (Marketing), ITM (FIEO) (Ph. D. ) Assistant Professor Expertise in: Management Accounting, Financial Management, Management of Financial Services. Authored two books and presented articles at national seminars. Assistant Professor Expertise in: HRM, Marketing, International Business Assistant Professor Expertise in: International Marketing, International Trade Operations, WTO, Agri Business, Commodity Trading, Export Import Management Mr Deepak M. Sc. (Statistics) Prof G Surender Reddy M. Tech. (Ind. Mgt) IIT-Madras, LLB, PGDIPR, PGDPEM (OU), CAIIB Lt Col (Retd) AV Anand MIE (Mech), MBA, PGHRM, PG Equipment Management, (Ph. D. ) Assistant Professor Expertise in: Statistics and Operations Research, Research Methodology Expertise in: Development Banking, Corporate Consulting, Management Teaching, Entrepreneurship Development and Mentoring Coordinator Evaluation Expertise in: HR, Administration and Leadership Mr Prayaga Ramakrishna Head, Center for Indian Management Studies (CIMS) Mr Unnikrishnan Kurup M. A. (Economics), M. A. (Sociology), M. Phil, (Ph. D. ) Mr Syed Muzammiluddin B. Com (Computers), BCJ, MBA, (Ph. D. ) Associate Professor Expertise in: Educational Consultant and Professor in Economics, Principal under Kerala University in Kerala. Assistant Professor Expertise in: Marketing, Soft Skills BIFT Placement Brochure (08-10) FINAL. ndd 8 8 pages 9 11/9/2009 12:18:32 PM Tie-ups with Foreign Institutions BIFT has tied up with the Nanyang Technological University for BIFT students to undergo a short-term course in Marketing / Finance / IT etc, commencing from the batch of 2008-10 students. Also, we are in dialogue with a few other international institutions in UK, Netherlands and Spain, and fo r enabling desirous students to pursue short-term study modules in Marketing, Finance, Trading, Information Technology and other domains which will provide them ample value addition and also help them secure international placements. BIFT is now study center of the Chartered Institute of Management Accountants (CIMA), UK for certificate and diploma courses. BIFT’s integrated approach towards management education combines the regular set of all MBA-level management subjects with the international business-related curriculum is drawn from IIFT’s rigorous and knowledge-packed syllabus, as well as BIFT’s own additional inputs based on industry demand. The delivery of inputs by qualified in-house faculty is reinforced with that of eminent faculty from IIMs, IIFT and a few foreign universities. Foreign languages such as French and Spanish are being taught. In addition, Japanese, Chinese, Mandarin languages are also being offered to BIFT students this year onwards. The students are evaluated on the basis of assignments, presentations, group discussions, quizzes, role-plays and class tests. Considerable stress is laid on discipline, cultural values and personality development. Students make weekly group presentations on top business stories of the week based on their daily browsing of business newspapers and journals in the library. The students’ skills are honed to make them emerge as knowledge-endowed global business managers of tomorrow, whose quest for knowledge will never cease. BIFT believes that knowledge is the willow that winners wield. Towards this belief, BIFT has set as its goal the transformation of its students, which will make their dreams come true. Mr Rael Escobar (an MBA student from Hague University, Netherlands) under student exchange program in dialogue with BIFT Director and faculty members Mr Patrick Sim (Senior Business Development Executive, NTU-Singapore) discussing details of a new module in Port Management with BIFT officials Ms Tam Kam Peng (Head Alliances Learning Partnership) and Ms Aarti Porwal (Chief Representative CIMA, UK) with BIFT Director Prof GS Rao and Prof JR Kumar Mr Jeff Carter (Dean, Canadian College, Vancouver) in conversation with BIFT Director and faculty members for Student Exchange Program BIFT Placement Brochure (08-10) FINAL. indd 9 11/9/2009 12:18:39 PM Conducive Learning Ambience Library and e-Journals The BIFT library has a collection of over 10,000 books and subscribes to 40 national / international journals and magazines. As many as 1100 e-journals through EBSCO and databases like CMIE’s India Trades and Prowess, and Trade Wizard Software have been provided to the students. Valuable data is also available in the form of trade directories, country / product research reports, project reports, trade publications, video-library, CDs and software packages of various kinds, etc. Library Session in Progress Computer Lab The Institute has a state-of-the-art Computer Centre with a Local Area Network comprising a Server, 80 Pentium Nodes and Internet access through a dedicated broadband link, electronic databases, etc. WiFi Connectivity in Campus WiFi connectivity is provided for facilitating students, faculty and visiting guest faculty in BIFT premises. Computer Laboratory Laptops for Students Students are provided with laptops to enable them to not only access and browse databases but also store study material, data, and carry out analyses of data, presentations through slide shows, etc. Seminar Hall and Classrooms Air-conditioned classrooms. and a seminar hall-cum-auditorium equipped with contemporary teaching equipment such as an LCD projector, overhead projector, TV and VCR, broadband internet connection, audio system, etc. re available. Students in Classroom Cafeteria Serving hygienic and tasty snacks, the cozy cafeteria on the college campus also provides a useful platform for informal exchange of ideas / information between students of various batches and disciplines, as well as with the faculty. Students enjoying snacks in Cafeteria BIFT Placement Brochure (08-10) FINAL. indd 10 10 pages 1 1 11/9/2009 12:18:54 PM Visiting / Guest Faculty A number of guest / visiting faculty from reputed institutions in India and abroad are invited to conduct lectures on curriculum topics. Study visits constitute an important aspect of the course curriculum, providing the students practical exposure to the dynamics of the industry / corporate business. Interactive sessions with corporate managers are arranged during the visits. Students are sent every year on study visits to Port of Singapore Authority (PSA), the world’s busiest port, Jurong Port (Singapore), as well as to Northport and Westport, Port Klang, Malaysia. During these visits they meet senior executives of various multinational companies and obtain valuable insights into the dynamics of global trade / international business, global logistics, international marketing and international finance, etc.

Anti-war essays

Anti-war essays With the nation in a ruckus over war, a new group of war protestors emerged and they took the shapes of many different forms. Their goal was clear: to stop the war. Their motives however, in an ongoing effort to reach In the popular novel Johnny Got His Gun, Americans were exposed to an emotional side of the war. This novel, which many had a copy of, told the story of a young man named Johnny, who now laid in a hospital bed as a useless, miserable being. Being unable to do anything, except simply think, he tells his side of the story. He shows the effects of the war, and explains that it is not worth fighting for a life of freedom, if you are dead. While this approach worked fine for the Oprah Winfrey crowd of the war era, there were many other hardcore business, political and military leaders that still needed to be convinced that the war should stop! To oblige, the anti-war activists put on a new face. ...

Sovereignty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Sovereignty - Essay Example se to examine if one is paying attention in issues like the altering nature of limitations and the potential of constructing following communities further than sovereignty (Waltz, 2003, pp. 10-12). This research focused on this truth that certainly; it is hard to believe that anybody ever asserted the "statecentric" sight of international politics that is today so intentionally rejected by those who look for to emphasize the role of "the novel international actors (Paul Piccone, 2001, 174-184)." What was extensively asserted concerning European international family members from the time of Vattel in the mid-eighteenth century awaiting the finish of the First World War was the lawful fiction of a political cosmos that consisted of states unaccompanied, the policy that only states had human rights and duties in international law. Both following leaders and academics often maintain outstanding times. But what does it mean to converse of outstanding politics in international relations? In one intelligence exceptionality is a evocative category referring to a fundamental alter in the systemic circumstances of international politics. Furthermore, inside this piece of writing a different idea of exemption is examined. It refers to an exacting method of conceptualizing the natural world of international following order (Jens Bartelson, 2003, pp. 209-227). Therefore, the exemption defines political arrange by income of constitutional-legal way of thinking in which dissimilar understandings of the natural world and rank of international law and its following transgressions explain competing visions of international following order. The focal tip of this international politics of exemption is not the customary distinction flanked by liberal and practical human being views of international politics but the constitutio nalist harmony of normativism, decisionism, and institutionalism. In one sense the notion of exception is a evocative group referring to a fundamental change

Restraints and seclusion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Restraints and seclusion - Essay Example aises the concern if restrained re-traumatizes the sick at their most vulnerable, if seclusion damages the alliance of therapeutic and if that is the case if it can undergo justification. Studies from Massachusetts consider the vulnerable to be mostly affected by seclusion. The vulnerable consist of those with past sexual abuse, physical abuse, physical trail, developmentally disabled, physically trail, and sensory impaired patients. Therefore, seclusion can easily lead to re-traumatization to the above named group of individual. LaFond, R. (2007, September). Reducing Seclusion and Restraint for Improved Patient and Staff Safety. In a https://www.crisisprevention.com., 2 (4), 12 Retrieved July 9, 2013, from https://www.crisi prevention .com/CPI/media /Media/Resources/research/Lafond-from-07-JSM-JOU-002. Pdf This article â€Å"Reducing seclusion and restraint for improved patient and staff safety† by Randall Lafond talks about the benefits of avoiding seclusion and restraints for patients. The author states that there should be legal law which reduces seclusion and restraint among patients. The article explains the way in which health care services disregard the importance of the reduction of seclusion and restraints. He states that staff must be trained to encourage the practice of reducing seclusion and restraint among patients. As per LaFond, â€Å"In the baseline year of 2002, 83 episodes of seclusion and restraint were documented. The total documented time was 220:03 minutes against 1606 admissions and a total of 16,054 patient days†. He asserts that for the safety of psychiatric patients the reduction of seclusion and restraints is important. Master, K. (2004). Can narrative therapy decrease the use of seclusion and restraint, 2 (4), 34. Retrieved July 8, 2013, from http://www.aacap.org/AACAP/M ember Resources/Practice_Information/SR_Articles/Can_Narrative_Therapy_Decrease_th e_Use_of_Seclusion_and_Restraint.aspx This article by Kim Masters states whether

Internationa Economics, migration and refugee Assignment

Internationa Economics, migration and refugee - Assignment Example Theres need to establish credible establishments that can access and also equitably send out these types of methods in order that the nation to gain the greatest value from its aspect endowment. The learning resource curse, generally known as paradox of lots, is a non-desirable predicament that will comes up in the event the establishments trusted with the country’s endowment don’t possess sound policies (Piros & Christopher, 2013). It is common knowledge that international locations and also areas having an abundance of natural resources, specifically point-source non-renewable resources like naturally occurring mineral deposits and fuel energy, are apt to have less economic development and also more serious development functionality compared to international locations having much less natural resources. That is hypothesized to be initiated by various causes, which include although not limited to decrease in competitive power of other economic sections, instability connected with income through the normal learning resource industry due to vulnerability for you to worldwide product current market swings, govt mismanagement connected with resources, or corrupte d establishments that provide an easy path for revenue to be diverted away illegally. Resource scarcity may sometimes be absolute or even relative. Absolute scarcity identifies where by you will find basically not enough amounts of resource to meet current need. We are unable to possess any extra resources irrespective of how we extend. General scarcity however, identifies an instance where by there might be actual amounts of any resource present yet scarcity is out there due to issues with regards to offer or even submitting or even distribution(Lin, Justin & Chang, 2009). Achieving the need for your resource may well indicate discovering reduced quality of resources. A vintage example inside focusing the purpose played by establishments/institutions inside making a states

GSM Implementation

GSM Implementation GSM Implementation in various places Transaction terminals: SMS messaging can be used by machines like the EDC, POS terminals to conform transaction from the main server. Supply Chain Management: The GSM M2M technology can be used to fulfil the needs of SCMs huge IT infrastructures with leased lines, data centre, workstations. Multiple Remote Data Collection Points: With the help of the GSM modem connected to PCs, GSM electronic terminals PCs one can send and receive data from all over the world. This help client to receive data from branch offices, business associates, warehouses, and Mobile phones. Large Transaction Volumes: GSM SMS messaging is capable of handling large number of transaction data in a very small period of time as it can receive large number of messages on your server without internet connectivity. With the help of GSM at a time the shopkeeper can handle hundreds of transaction. High Uptime: GSM mobile network have high uptime as compared to other communication networks so it helps business. It can be used in communication industries as it doesnt require any kind of wires for setting up the network so there is no fear of cutting of wires. Implementation of GSM Technology There are three main parts of the GSM Network * Mobile Station (MS):-The subscriber carries out this part. * Base Station Subsystem (BSS) :- It controls radio link with mobile station. * Network and Switching Subsystem (NSS):- This part keeps track of the call switching between two mobiles and also looks over Memory management and also between fixed network users and mobile. Network structure All of the elements when combined together produce many GSM services such as voice calls and SMS. Mobile Station Consists of: * Mobile Equipment (ME):- These consist of equipment such as hand portable and vehicle mounted unit * Subscriber Identity Module (SIM):- It is a chip size object which contains the information about the user like its identification, secret keys. The BSS In the above diagram the Base Station Subsystem (BSS) is shown containing the Base Station Controller (BSC) and the Base Transceiver Station (BTS) which are connected together on to A-bis interface. The Packet Control Unit (PCU) is also shown connected to the BTS although the exact position of this depends on the vendors architecture. The Air Interface or Um is used to connect the mobile to the BSS which is connected by the A interface to the NSS. The NSS The Network and Switching Subsystem(NSS)comprises of the MSC connected via the SS7 network to the HLR. The AUC and EIR, although function differently from the HLR are shown together as combining them is a standard in all Vendors networks. The NSS is connected by the A interface to the BSS. It is directly connected to the PSTN from the MSC. There is also a connection to the Packet Core (called the Gs) although this is optional and not always implemented. The GPRS Core Network The GPRS Core Network shown here consists of SGSN which is connected to the BSS by the Gb interface and the GGSN. These two devices are connected together to a private IP network called the GPRS backbone shown as the Gn Reference Point. http://www.pulsewan.com/data101/gsm_basics.htm http://sinarsuryakomindo.blogspot.com/2008/10/gsm-history.html http://foosms.com/gsm.htm MODULATION TECHNIQUE Modulation is the technique of embedment of a signal into the carrier frequency (wave). There may be analog (includes FM, AM) or digital modulation. In digital modulation Binary values 0 and 1 is embedded in the carrier frequency by changing its frequency, amplitude or phase. In this way digital modulation may be ASK (Amplitude shift keying), FSK (Frequency shift keying) or PSK (Phase shift keying). In GSM, GMSK (â€Å"Gaussian Minimum shift keying†, also known as â€Å"Gaussian filtered Minimum Shift Keying†) Modulation technique is used which is a type of FSK that continuously uses Phase modulation. Advantages of GMSK over other techniques-> * Being able to carry digital modulation and efficiently using spectrum. * Sidebands do not extend outwards from main carrier like other phase shift keying and thus, it avoids interference. * No discontinuities as change in frequency occur at â€Å"carrier zero† crossing points. * Being continuous frequency shift keying modulation scheme. It uses the frequency hopping technique, which involves switching the call frequency many times per second for security. GMSK Fundamentals The unique factor of MSK (Maximum Shift Keying) is that frequency difference between the logical 1 and 0 states always equals to half of data rate, expressed in modulation index terms and always being equal to 0.5. MSK modulation Signal using MSK modulation Sidebands extend can be easily traced in the plot drawn for the spectrum of an MSK signal. Therefore before applying it to the carrier modulating signal is passed through a low pass filter (Gaussian filter). Before filtering it must have narrow bandwidth, sharp cut-off and impulse response should have no overshoot. Finally MSK signal gets converted to GMSK modulation. Spectral density of MSK and GMSK signals Spectral density of MSK and GMSK signals Generation of MSK Modulation There are mainly two ways of to generate MSK modulation. Description of First way- The filtering of Modulating signal is done using Gaussian filter and then it is applied to frequency Modulator to set modulation index to 0.5. It is the simplest way. Its limitation lies in the fact that Modulation index must exactly equal to 0.5, which is practically not suitable as drifts are experienced by the components (which is not possible to be set exactly). Generating GMSK using a Gaussian filter and VCO Generating GMSK using Gaussian filter VCO Description of second way- Quadrature Modulator (or I-Q Modulator) is one of the ways. Here the phase of a signal lies in quadrature or 90 degrees to other one. It uses one signal, known as to be in-phase and another being quadrature to the first one. Use of Modulator of this type the Modulator index is exactly maintained to 0.5 without any further setting. Thus it is much easier to use and also it provides the required level of performance. Block diagram of I-Q modulator used to create GMSK Block diagram of I-Q modulator used to create GMSK For Demodulation the above techniques can be used in reverse. BASIC IMPLEMENTATION REQUIREMENTS HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS- The three systems of GSM are * Switching system (SS) * Base station system (BSS) * Operation and support system (OSS) The Switching System- It is responsible for all call processing and other functions with following described units. GSM Network Elements Home Location Register (HLR)- It is the most important database of an operator storing every important details of subscribed customer. Whenever a customer buys a new connection his registration is made in HLR. Mobile services switching centre (MSC)- It performs telephony switching functions of system including controlling calls to and from other telephone and data systems. Visitor Location registers (VLR)- When a cell phone roams into a new MSC area, VLR connected to that MSC requests for data about mobile station from HLR. Later VLR will not need to interrogate HLR whenever customer makes any call. Authentication centre (AUC)- It verifies each callers identity and ensures confidentiality of each call. Equipment Identity Register (EIR)- This database stores information of Mobile devices thus preventing calla from unauthorised or stolen ones. Base Station System- It consists of Base Station Controllers (BSC)- It is the switch serving as physical links between MSC and BTS also providing functions like handover, cell configuration data, and control of Radio frequency (RF) power levels in BTS. Base Transceiver Stations (BTS)- It is the radio equipment which serves each cell in Network. A group of BTS are controlled by BSC. GSM Telecommunication Tower Operation and Support System (OMC)- This entity (connected to all equipment in switching System and to BSC) helps the operator to govern the whole system and offer customer cost-effective support and maintenance activities need for GSM network. Additional Elements- Message centre (MXE)- It Handles SMS, voice mail, fax mail, email, and cell broadcast. Mobile Service Node (MSN)- It governs Mobile intelligent network (IN) services. Gateway Mobile Services Switching Centre (GMSC)- It interconnects two networks. MSC then known as GMSC. GSM Interworking Unit (GIWU)- It consists of Hardwires and Software both and acts as an interface to various network for data communication. Problems in Implementation of Technology:- Ø Implementation of GSM technology requires a number of equipment. Many equipment need to be installed like tall towers. These towers are fixed at proper area in line of sight. Also satellites functionality also requires attention. Ø Installation of Several equipment and devices require huge amount of money. Thus GSM architecture is very costly. Ø Maintenance of equipment used in GSM is practically not affordable time and again. Ø There are several protocols applied in GSM Technology, resulting problem in implementation. Ø There is possibility of breaking into GSM networks that use cipher text-only cryptanalysis encrypted communication. These attacks are based on security flaws of the GSM protocols, and work whenever the mobile phone supports A5/2. Ø The available radio frequencies need to be re-used closer together and continuously within the network so that spectral efficiency can be unlimited. Ø There is huge consumption of power in GSM implementation, which is not convenient. Ø GSM is also not secure as the sent signal or message is not so much hard to be decoded. So the third party may avail of it somehow using some technology. ABOUT THE TECHNOLOGY GSM (Global System for Mobile communications: originally from Groupe Special Mobile) is the most widely used digital cellular technology for transmitting mobile voice and data services in the world. It uses SIM (SubscriberIdentityModule) cards, which acts as digital identity, and is tied to the cellular network by searching for cells towards the towers (bts) in the nearby location. GSM is a second-generation (2G) cell phone system used by over 3 billion people across more than 212 countries and territories. In over twenty years of development, GSM has been continuously upgraded to provide better signal, speech quality and thus fulfil the mass demands. It also facilitates to roam, switch carriers and the operators without replacement of handsets. 01-01-10 The GSM technology originally originated by the European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations (CEPT) in 1982 when it firstly created Group Special Mobile (GSM) for the purpose of designing a pan-European mobile technology. European Telecommunications Standardization Institute (ETSI) later in 1991 adopted the GSM standard. GSM technology was firstly commercially lunched in 1991 in Finland, although it has been for testing purposes since 1980. 01-01-5 Newer versions of the standard are much compatible with the original GSM system. For example,Release 97,the General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) added the packet data capabilities to GSM technology. Release 99 introduced higher speed data transmission usingEnhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution(EDGE). It uses variation of Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) and is the most widely used of the three digital wireless telephone technologies (TDMA, GSM, and CDMA). Data is digitized and compressed and, sent down a channel with two other streams of user data, each in its own time slot. Most 2G GSM networks operates in the 900MHz or 1800MHz bands. It operates on four different frequencies worldwide. GSM calls are either based on data or voice. Voice calls use audio codecs called half-rate, full-rate and enhanced full-rate. Data calls can turn the cell phone into a modem operating at 9600 bps having ability to carry 64 kbps to 120 Mbps of data rates. GSM technology even keeps people in touch while roaming also as it home operators are having roaming collaboration with foreign operators. IMPORTANCE OF TECHNOLOGY GSM is the most popular, reliable and the fast growing wireless technology for mobile phones in the world. It has approximately covered the 89% share market of the global mobile telecom in more than 219 countries and territories with more than 3.8 billion people as per May 2009 study. Its signalling and speech channels being digital differs it from its and so pronounced as a second generation (2G) mobile phone system. This has also meant that data communication was easy to build into the system. It also provides the integrated high-speed data, fax, paging, voice mail and short messages services (SMS) capabilities and thus offering communication to be secure, private and fraud prevented. Many operators provide access to ISDN services to transmit data fast. Several offer GPRS facility to connect to high speed data communication channel (9600 bps). Global GSM Growth GSM market share has grown at exponent rate over recent years. However the target to achieve 1 billion customers took 12 years (Feb 2004) but later it was a surprising fact that it crossed the 2 billion mark only in another 2.5 years (By June 2006) and 3 billion GSM customers in another less than 2 years. Now the Telecoms and Media hope to surpass 5 billion targets by 2013. GSM is the legacy network of the evolution to the third generation (3G) technologies Universal Mobile Telecommunication System, (UMTS) also known as WCDMA, and High Speed Packet Access (HSPA). Maximum Mobile phones manufacturer develop their products based on GSM technology and all mobile companies provide their customers GSM networks. The Social Impact of Mobile Telephony Mobile telephony is undoubted one of the most superb developments telecommunications industry. The number of subscribers is rapidly increasing in tremendous way. More and more people are being connected to the telecom. GSM technology has greatly affected the social life. The various operators have been proving a number of offers to fascinate their customers. Due to aspects like reliability, security, voice and data transmission facilities GSM is much popular among the users. People are shifting to wireless communication from their fixed phones. Rapid increase in GSM market Popularity Reasons of GSM Technology * Improved spectrum efficiency. * High speech quality. * International roaming. * Better signal quality. * Offer voice, data and fax. * Offer secure communication and privacy. * Low-cost mobile sets and base stations (BSs). * Flexibility SIM. * High share market capture. * Low terminal and service cost. * ISDN compatibility. * Compatibility with Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) for data transmission. * Support for new services like VAS. Backbone for 3G and other evaluating technologies GSM customer growth in India Health Issues It is the recent report that use of GSM mobile technology poses Health Hazards. Its regular and continuous use for hours may create heath problems like irritations, allergies, headache, ears pain etc. It is fact proved by scientists that radio waves of frequencies that it utilises can create electric fieldsin human cells and brain. Long term exposure may have adverse health effects too. Many research institutions controlled by government and independent bodies are continuously studying over it. Also research results are being revived by ICNIRP (International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection) and the WHO (World Health Organisation) at global level. Use of cellular phone is highly restricted to be turned off while in flight as the radio frequencies may interfere. The same case happens at hospitals as the radio signal may create interference with electronic medical devices at short rang or cause uneasiness among patients. While driving use of cell phone is advised to avoid and in petrol pumps as the radio waves used in GSM technology may cause interference. d> GSM SECURITY:- 1. PURPOSE OF USING GSM SECURITY:- As we know that security is the essential feature in any service. Hence, GSM network also follows certain level of security in the services which it provides. Hence, there are mainly two security purposes which are kept in mind when it is concerned of the GSM network:- First of all, to protect the Accessibility to the mobile services and secondly to prevent disclosure of any crucial information/data at the radio path to achieve the privacy regarding that particular data. 2. THE SECURITY FEATURES OF THE GSM SERVICES:- There are several features of the GSM service for the security of its customers. Some features are stated below: 1. Authentication is being provided to the registered customers only. 2. The process of encryption is being used for secure data transfer. 3. The identity of customer is being verified. 4. The cellular phones are useless without a SIM card. 5. A secret key Ki is being used to achieve authentication. 3. Representation of the GSM Security:- GSM security is represented in two ways:- a. Authentication b. Encryption A. Authentication: The process of authentication is being categorized in to various stages which are stated below:- 1. First of all an IMSI (International mobile subscriber Identity) is being send to the network by the mobile station. 2. After that the IMSI is being received by the network and the KI corresponding to that IMSI is found. 3. A 128 bit random number (RAND) gets generated by the corresponding network and is send to the mobile station through the medium of air. 4. Through the use of the algorithm A3, the network (AuC) and the MS (SIM) use KI and RAND to produce a signed result (SRES). 5. The SRES is being sent to the network by the MS. 6. For the validity purpose network performs the testing on the received SRES. B. Encryption: The process of encryption gets started by ciphering mode request (i.e.: secretly executed request) command from the GSM network. After receiving the request the process of encryption and decryption of data gets performed by the mobile station. Different key stream is involved in the encryption of each frame over the air traffic. Different key stream is generated for each frame as the A5algorithm which is used to encrypt the data is initialised with the KC and the number of the frame to be executed resulting in the generation of different key stream. The same KC gets executed as long as it does not get verified by the MSC (Mobile services switching Centre) through the MS(mobile station) which results in the generation of the new KC. The Authentication of MS is an optional process and is usually not performed in the beginning of a call. Hence it is assured that the KC will not get changed during a particular call. As it gets switched off IMSI (International mobile subscriber identity) gets stored by the mobile station on the SIM card to assure that is gets available when it is switched on again. In the hardware of the mobile phone the A5 algorithm gets executed as data is being encrypted and decrypted through the air. 4. The Algorithm used in the GSM Security: There are three algorithms which are used in the GSM security:- 1> A3: The MS Authentication Algorithm:- In the GSM model, A3 acts as the authentication algorithm. This algorithm generates a 32 bit output as it gets the RAND (128 bit random number) from the MSC (Mobile service switching Centre) and the secret key KI as input from the SIM. The size of KI and RAND is of 128 bits. The A3 algorithm is represented as a one-way hash function. This function produces an output which is of fixed length as a random input is given to it. A COMP 128 algorithm is used for the A3 algorithm by every GSM operator in the world. This algorithm acts as the reference algorithm for the various tasks which has been pointed out by the GSM association. 2> A8, The ciphering Key Generation Algorithm: In the GSM network, A8 algorithm acts the session key algorithm. The A8 algorithm generates 64 bit output by taking two 128 bit input. The output generated is 64 bit session key KC. COMP128 acts the reference algorithm for the A8 algorithm also as it is there in the A3 algorithm. At one run, COMP128 generates both the session key KC as well as the SRES response. 3> A5, the stream-ciphering algorithm: In this algorithm encryption of data over the air occurs. For secure data, there are three possibilities in the case of GSM; it includes the A5/0, A5/1 and the A5/2 algorithm. This algorithm came into existence because the GSM standard was designed for Europe and as per the export regulations it did not allow the implementation of the technology outside Europe. f> Advantage of GSM Services:- Following are the Advantage of GSM service: - 1>First of all the GSM network is fully developed which means that it contains stability with proper features and services. Hence it has over 450 million subscribers worldwide. 2> The other advantage of GSM network is that it contains better voice quality and low- cost alternatives to make calls, such as Short message service (SMS) . In the case of GSM network the quality of voice is fine inside the buildings. 3) Another advantage of this service is that the equipments are easily available from the vendors who execute the following service. 4> GSM services provide the roaming facility to its customers so that they can use the service anywhere in the world. 5) GSM networks provide higher talk time due to its pulse nature of transmission and its ability to use routers. 6) GSM provides the facility of International Roaming which is highly beneficial in context to its customers. 7> The presence of Smart Cards which acts as subscriber Identity Modules through which encryption of data occurs in a secure manner which is highly advantageous with respect to commercial background. 8> lastly the common advantage of the GSM service is that it provides the user the freedom to choose a mobile set of his/her choice and the SIM card is also being selected by user of their choice. They also have the option of making the changes to both the equipments accordingly. Disadvantage of GSM Services:- The GSM service has following Disadvantages:- 1> The first disadvantage is that the algorithms which are being used in this service for the security purpose is not available to the public. 2> In the GSM service only Access security is being provided and the different communications occurs only in a fixed network. 3> The major disadvantage of the GSM service is that it lacks the access to the American market. 4> For the usage of this service, the user needs the requirement of higher power and the coordination between cell to cell. 5> The network coverage of this technology is not better in the rural areas as compared to its competitor service of the CDMA technology. Reference: http://sawaal.ibibo.com/computers-and-technology/what-advantages-gsm-technology-3g-technology-245344.html http://www.connectindia.in/posts/list/gsm-what-are-the-advantages-of-gsm-technology-how-it-works-910021.htm http://www.edaboard.com/ftopic200835.html http://in.answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20070202053500AA6OrQt http://www.gsm-security.net/papers/securityingsm.pdf http://cryptome.org/jya/gsm061088.htm